Question1-7
HotelswereamongtheearliestfacilitiesthatboundtheUnitedStatestogether.Theywerebothcreaturesandcreatorsofcommunities,aswellassymptomsofthefreneticquestforcommunity.Eveninthefirstpartofthenineteenthcentury,Americanswereprivate,businessandpleasurepurposes.Conventionswerethenewoccasions,andhotelsweredistinctivelyAmericanfacilitiesmakingconventionspossible.ThefirstnationalconventionofamajorpartytochooseacandidateforPresident(thatoftheNationalRepublicanparty,whichmetonDecember12,1831,andnominatedHenryClayforPresident)washeldinBaltimore,atahotelthatwasthenreputedtobethebestinthecountry.ThepresenceinBaltimoreofBarnum’sCityHotel,asix-storybuildingwithtwohundredapartmentshelpsexplainwhymanyotherearlynationalpoliticalconventionswereheldthere.
Inthelongerrun,too.Americanhotelsmadeothernationalconventionsnotonlypossiblebutpleasantandconvivial.Thegrowingcustomofregularlyassemblingfromafartherepresentativesofallkindsofgroups-notonlyforpoliticalconventions,butalsoforcommercial,professional,learned,andavocationalones-inturnsupportedthemultiplyinghotels.Bymid-twentiethcentury,conventionsaccountedforoverthirdoftheyearlyroomoccupancyofallhotelsinthenation,abouteighteenthousanddifferentconventionswereheldannuallywithatotalattendanceofabouttenmillionpersons.
Nineteenth-centuryAmericanhotelkeepers,whowerenolongerthegenial,deferential"hosts"oftheeighteenth-centuryEuropeaninn,becameleadingcitizens.Holdingalargestakeinthecommunity,theyexercisedpowertomakeitprosper.Asownersormanagersofthelocal"palaceofthepublic",theyweremakersandshapersofaprincipalcommunityattraction.Travelersfromabroadweremildlyshockedbythishighsocialposition.
1.Theword"bound"inline1isclosestinmeaningto
(A)led
(B)protected
(C)tied
(D)strengthened
2.TheNationalRepublicanpartyismentionedinline8asanexampleofagroup
(A)fromBaltimore
(B)oflearnedpeople
(C)owningahotel
(D)holdingaconvention
3.Theword"assembling"inline14isclosestinmeaningto
(A)announcing
(B)motivating
(C)gathering
(D)contracting
4.Theword"ones"inline16refersto
(A)hotels
(B)conventions
(C)kinds
(D)representatives
5.Theword"it"inline23refersto
(A)Europeaninn
(B)host
(C)community
(D)public
6.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatearlyhotelkeepersintheUnitedStateswere
(A)activepoliticians
(B)Europeanimmigrants
(C)Professionalbuilders
(D)Influentialcitizens
7.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutearlyAmericanhotelsisNOTmentionedinthepassage?
(A)Travelersfromabroaddidnotenjoystayinginthem.
(B)Conventionswereheldinthem
(C)Peopleusedthemforbothbusinessandpleasure.
(D)Theywereimportanttothecommunity.
Question8-17
Beadswereprobablythefirstdurableornamentshumanspossessed,andtheintimaterelationshiptheyhadwiththeirownersisreflectedinthefactthatbeadsareamongthemostcommonitemsfoundinancientarchaeologicalsites.Inthepast,astoday,men,women,andchildrenadornedthemselveswithbeads.Insomeculturesstill,certainbeadsareoftenwornfrombirthuntildeath,andthenareburiedwiththeirownersfortheafterlife.Abrasionduetodailywearaltersthesurfacefeaturesofbeads,andiftheyareburiedforlong,theeffectsofcorrosioncanfurtherchangetheirappearance.Thus,interestisimpartedtothebeadbothbyuseandtheeffectsoftime.
Besidestheirwearability,eitherasjewelryorincorporatedintoarticlesofattire,beadspossessthedesirablecharacteristicsofeverycollectible,theyaredurable,portable,availableininfinitevariety,andoftenvaluableintheiroriginalculturalcontextaswellasintoday’smarket.Pleasingtolookatandtouch,beadscomeinshapes,colors,andmaterialsthatalmostcompelonetohandlethemandtosortthem.
Beadsareminiaturebundlesofsecretswaitingtoberevealed:theirhistory,manufacture,culturalcontext,economicrole,andornamentaluseareallpointsofinformationonehopestounravel.Eventhemostmundanebeadsmayhavetraveledgreatdistancesandbeenexposedtomanyhumanexperiences.Thebeadresearchermustgatherinformationfrommanydiversefields.Inadditiontohavingtobeageneralistwhilespecializinginwhatmayseemtobeanarrowfield,theresearcherisfacedwiththeproblemofprimarymaterialsthathavelittleornodocumentation.Manyancientbeadsthatareofethnographicinteresthaveoftenbeenseparatedfromtheiroriginalculturalcontext.
Thespecialattractionsofbeadscontributetotheuniquenessofbeadresearch.Whileoftenregardedasthe"smallchangeofcivilizations",beadsareapartofeveryculture,andtheycanoftenbeusedtodatearchaeologicalsitesandtodesignatethedegreeofmercantile,technological,andculturalsophistication.
8.Whatisthemainsubjectofthepassage?
(A)Materialsusedinmakingbeads.
(B)Howbeadsaremade
(C)Thereasonsforstudyingbeads
(D)Differenttypesofbeads
9.Theword"adorned"inline4isclosestinmeaningto
(A)protected
(B)decorated
(C)purchased
(D)enjoyed
10.Theword"attire"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)ritual
(B)importance
(C)clothing
(D)history
11.AllofthefollowingaregivenascharacteristicsofcollectibleobjectsEXCEPT
(A)durability
(B)portability
(C)value
(D)scarcity.
12.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingarefactorsthatmakepeoplewanttotouchbeadsEXCEPTthe
(A)shape
(B)color
(C)material
(D)odor
13.Theword"unravel"inline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)communicate
(B)transport
(C)improve
(D)discover
14.Theword"mundane"inline16isclosestinmeaningto
(A)carved
(B)beautiful
(C)ordinary
(D)heavy
15.Itisdifficulttotracethehistoryofcertainancientbeadsbecausethey
(A)aresmallinsize
(B)havebeenburiedunderground
(C)havebeenmovedfromtheiroriginallocations
(D)arefrequentlylost
16.Knowledgeofthehistoryofsomebeadsmaybeusefulinthestudiesdonebywhichofthefollowing?
(A)Anthropologists
(B)Agriculturalexperts
(C)Medicalresearchers
(D)Economists
17.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribewhytheappearanceofbeadsmaychange?
(A)Lines3-4
(B)Lines6-8
(C)Lines12-13
(D)Lines20-22.
Question18-31
Intheworldofbirds,billdesignisaprimeexampleofevolutionaryfine-tuning.Shorebirdssuchasoystercatchersusetheirbillstopryopenthetightlysealedshellsoftheirprey,hummingbirdshavestiletto-likebillstoprobethedeepestnectar-bearingflowers,andkiwissmelloutearthwormsthankstonostrilslocatedatthetipoftheirbeaks.Butfewbirdsaremoreintimatelytiedtotheirsourceofsustenancethanarecrossbills.Twospeciesofthesefinches,namedforthewaytheupperandlowerpartsoftheirbillscross,ratherthanmeetinthemiddle,resideintheevergreenforestsofNorthAmericaandfeedontheseedsheldwithintheconesofconiferoustrees.
Theefficiencyofthebillisevidentwhenacrossbilllocatesacone.Usingalateralmotionofitslowermandible,thebirdseparatestwooverlappingscalesontheconeandexposestheseed.Thecrossedmandiblesenablethebirdtoexertapowerfulbitingforceatthebilltips,whichiscriticalformaneuveringthembetweenthescalesandspreadingthescalesapart.Next,thecrossbillsnakesitslongtongueintothegapanddrawsouttheseed.Usingthecombinedactionofthebillandtongue,thebirdcracksopenanddiscardsthewoodyseedcoveringactionandswallowsthenutritiousinnerkernel.Thiswholeprocesstakesbutafewsecondsandisrepeatedhundredsoftimesaday.
Thebillsofdifferentcrossbillspeciesandsubspeciesvary-somearestoutanddeep,othersmoreslanderandshallow.Asarule,large-billedcrossbillsarebetteratsecuringseedsfromlargecones,whilesmall-billedcrossbillsaremoredeftatremovingtheseedsfromsmall,thin-scaledcones.Moreover,thedegreetowhichconesarenaturallyslightlyopenortightlyclosedhelpsdeterminewhichbilldesignisthebest.
OneanomalyisthesubspeciesofredcrossbillknownastheNewfoundlandcrossbill.Thisbirdhasalarge,robustbill,yetmostofNewfoundland’sconifershavesmallcones,thesamekindofconesthattheslender-billedwhite-wingsrelyon.
18.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
(A)Theimportanceofconifersinevergreenforests
(B)Theefficiencyofthebillofthecrossbill
(C)Thevarietyoffoodavailableinaforest
(D)Thedifferenttechniquesbirdsusetoobtainfood
19.Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestrepresentsthetypeof"evolutionaryfine-turning"mentionedinline1?
(A)Differentshapesofbillshaveevolveddependingontheavailablefoodsupply
(B)White-wingcrossbillshaveevolvedfromredcrossbills
(C)Newfoundland’sconifershaveevolvedsmallcones
(D)Severalsubspeciesofcrossbillshaveevolvedfromtwospecies
20.Whydoestheauthormentionoystercatchers,hummingbirds,andkiwisinlines2-4?
(A)Theyareexamplesofbirdsthatliveintheforest
(B)Theirbeaksaresimilartothebeakofthecrossbill
(C)Theyillustratetherelationshipbetweenbilldesignandfoodsupply
(D)Theyarecloselyrelatedtothecrossbill
21.Crossbillsareatypeof
(A)shorebird
(B)hummingbird
(C)kiwi
(D)finch
22.Whichofthefollowingmostcloselyresemblesthebirddescribedinlines6-8?
(A)（图略）
(B)（图略）
(C)（图略）
(D)（图略）
23.Theword"which"inline12refersto
(A)seed
(B)bird
(C)force
(D)bill
24.Theword"gap"inline13isclosestinmeaningto
(A)opening
(B)flower
(C)mouth
(D)tree
25.Theword"discards"inline15isclosestinmeaningto
(A)eats
(B)breaks
(C)findsout
(D)getsridof
26.Theword"others"inline18refersto
(A)bills
(B)species
(C)seeds
(D)cones
27.Theword"deft"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
(A)hungry
(B)skilled
(C)tired
(D)pleasant
28.Theword"robust"inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(A)strong
(B)colorful
(C)unusual
(D)sharp
29.InwhatwayistheNewfoundlandcrossbillananomaly?
(A)Itislargerthantheothercrossbillspecies
(B)Itusesadifferenttechniquetoobtainfood
(C)Thesizeofitsbilldoesnotfitthesizeofitsfoodsource
(D)Itdoesnotliveinevergreenforests.
30.Thefinalparagraphofthepassagewillprobablycontinuewithadiscussionof
(A)otherspeciesofforestbirds
(B)thefragileecosystemofNewfoundland
(C)whatmammalsliveintheforestsofNorthAmerica
(D)howtheNewfoundlandcrossbillsurviveswithalargebill
31.Whereinthepassagedoestheauthordescribehowacrossbillremovesaseedfromitscone?
(A)Thefirstparagraph
(B)Thesecondparagraph
(C)Thethirdparagraph
(D)Theforthparagraph
Question32-38
IfyoulookcloselyatsomeoftheearlycopiesoftheDeclarationofIndependence,beyondtheflourishedsignatureofJohnHancockandtheother55menwhosignedit,youwillalsofindthenameofonewoman,MaryKatherineGoddard.Itwasshe,aBaltimoreprinter,whopublishedthefirstofficialcopiesoftheDeclaration,thefirstcopiesthatincludedthenamesofitssignersandthereforeheraldedthesupportofallthirteencolonies.
MaryGoddardfirstgotintoprintingattheageoftwenty-fourwhenherbrotheropenedaprintingshopinProvidence,RhodeIsland,in1762.Whenheproceededtogetintotroublewithhispartnersandcreditors,itwasMaryGoddardandhermotherwhowerelefttoruntheshop.In1765theybeganpublishingtheProvidenceGazette,aweeklynewspaper.SimilarproblemsseemedtofollowherbrotherasheopenedbusinessesinPhiladelphiaandagaininBaltimore.EachtimeMs.Goddardwasbroughtintorunthenewspapers.AfterstartingBaltimore’sfirstnewspaper,TheMarylandJournal,in1773,herbrotherwentbroketryingtoorganizeacolonialpostalservice.Whilehewasindebtor’sprison.MaryKatherineGoddard’snameappearedonthenewspaper’smastheadforthefirsttime.
WhentheContinentalCongressfledtherefromPhiladelphiain1776,itcommissionedMs.GoddardtoprintthefirstofficialversionoftheDeclarationofIndependenceinJanuary1777.Afterprintingthedocuments,sheherselfpaidthepostriderstodelivertheDeclarationthroughoutthecolonies.
DuringtheAmericanRevolution,MaryGoddardcontinuedtopublishBaltimore’sonlynewspaper,whichonehistorianclaimedwas"secondtononeamongthecolonies".Shewasalsothecity’spostmasterfrom1775to1789-appointedbyBenjaminFranklin-andisconsideredtobethefirstwomantoholdafederalposition.
32.Withwhichofthefollowingsubjectsisthepassagemainlyconcerned?
(A)Theaccomplishmentsofafemalepublisher
(B)Theweaknessofthenewspaperindustry
(C)Therightsofafemalepublisher
(D)ThepublishingsystemincolonialAmerica
33.MaryGoddard’snameappearsontheDeclarationofIndependencebecause
(A)shehelpedwritetheoriginaldocument
(B)shepublishedthedocument
(C)shepaidtohavethedocumentprinted
(D)herbrotherwasinprison
34.Theword"heralded"inline5isclosestinmeaningto
(A)influenced
(B)announced
(C)rejected
(D)ignored
35.Accordingtothepassage,MaryGoddardfirstbecameinvolvedinpublishingwhenshe
(A)wasappointedbyBenjaminFranklin
(B)signedtheDeclarationofIndependence.
(C)tookoverherbrother’sprintingshop
(D)movedtoBaltimore
36.Theword"there"inline17refersto
(A)thecolonies
(B)theprintshop
(C)Baltimore
(D)Providence
37.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatMaryGoddardwas
(A)anaccomplishedbusinesswoman
(B)extremelywealthy
(C)amemberoftheContinentalCongress
(D)afamouswriter
38.Theword"position"inline24isclosestinmeaningto
(A)job
(B)election
(C)document
(D)location
Question39-50
Galaxiesarethemajorbuildingblocksoftheuniverse.Agalaxyisgiantfamilyofmanymillionsofstars,anditisheldtogetherbyitsowngravitationalfield.Mostofthematerialuniverseisorganizedintogalaxiesofstarstogetherwithgasanddust.
Therearethreemaintypesofgalaxy:spiral,elliptical,andirregular.TheMilkyWayisaspiralgalaxy,aflattishdiscofstarswithtwospiralarmsemergingfromitscentralnucleus.Aboutone-quarterofallgalaxieshavethisshape.Spiralgalaxiesarewellsuppliedwiththeinterstellargasinwhichnewstarsform:astherotatingspiralpatternsweepsaroundthegalaxyitcompressesgasanddust,triggeringtheformationofbrightyoungstarsandinitsarms.Theellipticalgalaxieshaveasymmetricalellipticalorspheroidalshapewithnoobviousstructure.Mostoftheirmemberstarsareveryoldandsinceellipticalsaredevoidofinterstellargas,nonewstarsareforminginthem.Thebiggestandbrightestgalaxiesintheuniverseareellipticalswithmassesofabout1013timesthatoftheSun,thesegiantsmayfrequentlybesourcesofstrongradioemission,inwhichcasetheyarecalledradiogalaxies.Abouttwo-thirdsofallgalaxiesareelliptical.Irregulargalaxiescompriseaboutone-tenthofallgalaxiesandtheycomeinmanysubclasses.
MeasurementinspaceisquitedifferentfrommeasurementonEarth.Someterrestrialdistancescanbeexpressedasintervalsoftime,thetimetoflyfromonecontinenttoanotherorthetimeittakestodrivetowork,forexample.Bycomparisonwiththesefamiliaryardsticks,thedistancestothegalaxiesareincomprehensiblylarge,buttheytooaremademoremanageablebyusingatimecalibration,inthiscasethedistancethatlighttravelsinoneyear.Onsuchascalethenearestgiantspiralgalaxy,theAndromedagalaxy,istwomillionlightyearsaway.Themostdistantluminousobjectsseenbytelescopesareprobablytenthousandmillionlightyearsaway.TheirlightwasalreadyhalfwayherebeforetheEarthevenformed.ThelightfromthenearbyVirgogalaxysetoutwhenreptilesstilldominatedtheanimalworld.
39.Theword"major"inline1isclosestinmeaningto
(A)intense
(B)principal
(C)huge
(D)unique
40.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?
(A)TheMilkyWay
(B)Majorcategoriesofgalaxies
(C)Howellipticalgalaxiesareformed
(D)Differencesbetweenirregularandspiralgalaxies
41.Theword"which"inline7refersto
(A)dust
(B)gas
(C)pattern
(D)galaxy
42.Accordingtothepassage,newstarsareformedinspiralgalaxiesdueto
(A)anexplosionofgas
(B)thecompressionofgasanddust
(C)thecombiningofoldstars
(D)strongradioemissions
43.Theword"symmetrical"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
(A)proportionallybalanced
(B)commonlyseen
(C)typicallylarge
(D)steadilygrowing
44.Theword"obvious"inline10isclosestinmeaningto
(A)discovered
(B)apparent
(C)understood
(D)simplistic
45.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisNOTtrueofellipticalgalaxies?
(A)Theyarethelargestgalaxies.
(B)Theymostlycontainoldstars.
(C)Theycontainahighamountofinterstellargas.
(D)Theyhaveasphericalshape.
46.Whichofthefollowingcharacteristicsofradiogalaxiesismentionedinthepassage?
(A)Theyareatypeofellipticalgalaxy.
(B)Theyareusuallytoosmalltobeseenwithatelescope.
(C)Theyarecloselyrelatedtoirregulargalaxies.
(D)Theyarenotasbrightasspiralgalaxies.
47.Whatpercentageofgalaxiesareirregular?
(A)10%
(B)25%
(C)50%
(D)75%
48.Theword"they"inline21refersto
(A)intervals
(B)yardsticks
(C)distances
(D)galaxies
49.WhydoestheauthormentiontheVirgogalaxyandtheAndromedagalaxyinthethirdparagraph?
(A)Todescribetheeffectthatdistancehasnovisibility.
(B)Tocomparetheagesoftworelativelyyounggalaxies.
(C)ToemphasizethevastdistancesofthegalaxiesfromEarth.
(D)Toexplainwhycertaingalaxiescannotbeseenbyatelescope.
50.Theword"dominated"inline26isclosestinmeaningto
(A)threatened
(B)replaced
(C)weredevelopingin
(D)wereprevalentin
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